{"id":1093,"date":"2026-08-29T03:42:22","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T00:42:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/what-are-ethereum-gas-fees-gwei\/"},"modified":"2026-08-29T09:08:55","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T06:08:55","slug":"what-are-ethereum-gas-fees-gwei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/what-are-ethereum-gas-fees-gwei\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a Ethereum: \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 Gwei \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vfocused-takeaways-box\">\n<h4 class=\"vfocused-takeaways-title\"><span class=\"vfocused-takeaways-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\udca1<\/span> \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"vfocused-takeaways-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 Ethereum \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ETH \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064e\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f ETH \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 ETH \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637) \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<nav class=\"vfocused-toc-box\" aria-label=\"\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\"><strong class=\"vfocused-toc-title\">\ud83d\udccc \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"vfocused-toc-list\">\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-1\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-2\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-3\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum\u061f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-4\">\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a Gwei \u0648 Wei \u0648 ETH: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-5\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 Ethereum \u0628\u0639\u062f EIP-1559<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-6\">\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 ETH (GWEI)<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-7\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum\u061f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-8\">\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-9\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-10\">\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-11\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 Ethereum<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-12\">\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 ETH \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-13\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vfocused-toc-item\"><a class=\"vfocused-toc-link\" href=\"#section-14\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-1\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 ETH\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0646)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0643 NFT\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (gas fee)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 Gwei\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ETH. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-featured-og\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/08\/ethereum-gas-1.jpg\" alt=\"\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a Ethereum: \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 Gwei \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-2\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<ul>\n<li>\u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 Gwei \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0626\u0629 ETH \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a Ethereum \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-3\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum\u061f<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 ETH \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u062c\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/what-is-proof-of-work-pow\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 Ethereum \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (spam). \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629: \u0641\u0646\u0642\u0644 ETH \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 (token swap) \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0646 (validators) \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 ETH \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 21,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0646) \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/alternative-blockchains-to-ethereum-that-support-nfts\/\">\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 NFT<\/a> \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/what-is-defi-decentralized-finance\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a (DeFi)<\/a> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631: \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-4\">\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a Gwei \u0648 Wei \u0648 ETH: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f Gwei \u0648 Wei \u0648 ETH \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 Gwei \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a ETH \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 Gwei \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 Wei\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 Gwei \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 0.000000001 ETH. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 5 Gwei\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 ETH \u0643\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Wei<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ETH.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gwei<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 Wei \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ETH<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 Gwei \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 5 Gwei \u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a 200,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 1,000,000 Gwei\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 0.001 ETH. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 Gwei \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>Gwei \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 Gwei \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 ETH \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (mainnet)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 ETH \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Layer 2) \u0645\u062b\u0644 Arbitrum \u0623\u0648 Base\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 ETH \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-5\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 Ethereum \u0628\u0639\u062f EIP-1559<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 EIP-1559\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 Ethereum \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/staking-with-ethereum\/\">\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a ETH \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/what-is-token-burn-in-crypto\/\">\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 &#8220;\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f Gwei \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a ETH \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-6\">\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 ETH (GWEI)<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0631 Gwei \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647. \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 ETH \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0640 21,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (base fee) \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 8 Gwei \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 (priority fee) \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 1 Gwei. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a 21,000 \u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a 9 Gwei\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 189,000 Gwei\u060c \u0623\u0648 0.000189 ETH.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (Gas limit)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Base fee) + \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Priority fee)<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0639\u0631 Gwei \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 (Max fee)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Final cost)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u0648\u0646: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ETH \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064e\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 0.05 ETH \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 0.002 ETH\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.052 ETH \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 0.05.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0623 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627&#8221; (balance too low) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 ERC-20 \u0645\u062b\u0644 USDT \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a ETH \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f ETH \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (mainnet)\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 (stablecoins) \u0648\u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a Ethereum\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 USDT \u0648USDC \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0646 ERC-20 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-7\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum\u061f<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 ETH \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 DeFi \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0643 NFT \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a DeFi\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a (airdrops) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a Wallet \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-8\">\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a Wallet \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0643. \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 Gas tracker \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/etherscan.io\/gastracker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Etherscan Gas Tracker<\/a> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 Wallet \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Wallet fee preview<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 ETH \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gas tracker<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Max fee setting<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Priority option<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064b\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u0631 Wallet \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-9\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Ethereum \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 ETH. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Layer 2) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0640 Ethereum\u060c \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Layer 2) \u0645\u062b\u0644 Arbitrum \u0648 Base \u0648 Optimism \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (mainnet)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Ethereum. \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-4844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 EIP-4844<\/a> \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 (blob gas) \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0628 (rollup)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Layer 2) \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Ethereum<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0640 Ethereum \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Ethereum<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Polygon<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Solana<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646 Ethereum.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bitcoin<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 Ethereum.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 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\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 gas limits \u0648 priority fees \u0648 network selection \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 ETH \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 Ledger Flex \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 Trezor Safe 7 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 (crypto exchanges hub) \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 (crypto exchanges for beginners) \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-11\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 Ethereum<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (gas)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643. \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 (mempool) \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 nonce\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 (block explorer) \u0645\u062b\u0644 Etherscan.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 nonce\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 &#8220;\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639&#8221; (speed-up) \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621&#8221; (cancel) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (gas fields) \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 ETH \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0643 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 NFT \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (gas). \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 NFTs \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a NFTs\u061f&#8221; \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 nonce \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (gas fields) \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-12\">\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 ETH \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a ETH.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Layer 2 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a UTC\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Layer 2 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a Arbitrum \u0648 Base \u0648 Optimism \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (mainnet) \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631 (bridge) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629 (swap) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u064a (slippage) \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ETH \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a (DeFi) \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/what-is-amm\/\">\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a (AMM)<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (gas limit) \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f (contract call) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0642\u0641. \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-13\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647. \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 ETH \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 ETH \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 21,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0643 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 NFT.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum mainnet \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Layer 2 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 ETH \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Layer 2 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a (batching) \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (mainnet) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<header>\n<h2 id=\"section-14\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 Gwei \u0641\u064a Ethereum\u061f<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Gwei \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ETH \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum. \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f Gwei \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 0.000000001 ETH. \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 Gwei \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/blockchain\/crypto-liquidity-provider\/\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0643 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 NFT \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a DeFi\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Etherscan. \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 ETH \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u061f<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (mainnet) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f ETH \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 ERC-20. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a ETH.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 Layer 2 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum\u061f<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>\u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 Layer 2 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 Ethereum\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 Ethereum \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Ethereum \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632 Ethereum: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 Gwei \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0641\u0647\u0645 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