{"id":1451,"date":"2025-12-31T16:02:34","date_gmt":"2025-12-31T13:02:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/ev\/?p=1451"},"modified":"2025-12-31T16:02:34","modified_gmt":"2025-12-31T13:02:34","slug":"7-symptoms-of-a-faulty-mass-airflow-sensor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/ev\/7-symptoms-of-a-faulty-mass-airflow-sensor\/","title":{"rendered":"7 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 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1365px\" \/>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (ECU) \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u062e:<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dztecs.com\/ev\/6-common-symptoms-of-ignition-coil-failure\/\">\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/a> \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 ECU\/PCM \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u2014 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u2014 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 P0100 \u0625\u0644\u0649 P0104 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647 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\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 (MAF) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u061f \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 (lean). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Firestone Complete Auto Care \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>5. \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (ECU\/PCM) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 (MAF sensor) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 (lean) \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 (rich) \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 (MAF sensor) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 (\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 RPMs \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f) \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647 (\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a). \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 (PCM) \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>7. \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 (MAF sensor) \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 (PCM) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633&#8221; (gear hunting)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 MAF \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 MAF:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/b>: \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0641\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/b>: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a (PCV) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/b>: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642<\/b>: \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 MAF \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f \u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 MAF \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 &#8211; \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0623\u0648 &#8220;limp mode&#8221;) \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 (MAF)\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 (MAF):<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u064a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 (MAF) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 (PCM)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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